The flow velocity of a hydronic piping system must be controlled to reduce the risk of what?

In a hydronic piping system, controlling the flow velocity is crucial primarily to mitigate the risk of water hammer. Water hammer is a phenomenon characterized by a sudden change in the flow of water, most often caused by abrupt valve closures or changes in direction. When the flow velocity is too high, the momentum of the moving water can create shock waves when it encounters resistance or an obstacle, leading to pressure surges. These surges can result in loud banging noises, vibration, and potentially damage to pipes, fittings, and connected equipment.

By managing the flow velocity within recommended parameters, the risks associated with water hammer can be significantly reduced. This would involve designing the system to avoid excessive speeds and incorporating appropriate control measures, such as slow-acting valves, air chambers, or expansion tanks, to absorb shock and minimize sudden pressure changes.

While other factors like corrosion, water leakage, and air pockets are also concerns in hydronic systems, they are influenced by different variables and mechanisms. For instance, corrosion is generally more related to chemical properties of the water and materials used, rather than flow velocity alone. Similarly, water leakage can stem from pressure issues and material wear rather than solely high velocity, and air pockets are related to system design and maintenance rather than the